Immunization: A Key Part of Healthy Aging

Written by

Priti Gujar M.D.

in

Immunization

This article was authored by Priti Gujar MD, with significant contributions from Pranathi Miryala, M.S. Candidate at Rutgers University

As a geriatrician, I focus not only on treating illness, but also on helping older adults preserve their health, independence, and quality of life. One of the simplest and most effective ways to do this is by staying up to date with recommended immunization.

With age, the immune system naturally becomes less effective at fighting infection. This age-related change, sometimes called immunosenescence, can make it harder for the body to recognize and respond to infections quickly. Chronic conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, kidney disease, or memory impairment can further increase the risk of serious illness.

Infections that may be mild in younger adults can cause pneumonia, hospitalization, weakness, falls, confusion, loss of function, or a prolonged recovery in older adults. Vaccines help reduce these risks.

Why Immunization matter in Later Life

In my work with older adults, I often see how quickly an infection can affect overall health. A case of influenza, COVID-19, RSV, or pneumonia can lead to decreased strength and mobility, difficulty managing chronic conditions, or the need for rehabilitation or additional care.

Older adults may not always develop the classic symptoms of infection. For example, influenza may present with sudden confusion, poor appetite, weakness, fatigue, or a decline in usual function rather than a high fever. Respiratory infections can also place added stress on the heart and lungs and may contribute to serious complications.

Vaccination does not guarantee that a person will never get sick. However, it can significantly reduce the risk of severe illness, complications, hospitalization, and loss of independence.

Annual Influenza Vaccination Is Especially Important

Influenza viruses change from season to season. For this reason, last year’s flu vaccine does not provide the same protection needed for the current flu season. Annual vaccination helps the immune system prepare for the strains expected to circulate that year.

For adults age 65 and older, enhanced influenza vaccine options may be preferred when available. These vaccines are designed to produce a stronger immune response in older adults, whose immune systems may respond less robustly to standard-dose vaccines. The most important step is receiving an age-appropriate flu vaccine each year.

Flu vaccination is generally most helpful when received before influenza begins spreading widely in the community, often in September or October. However, vaccination can still be beneficial later in the season.

Important Immunizations for Older Adults

Recommendations vary based on age, health conditions, medications, prior vaccinations, and living situation. Commonly recommended vaccines may include:

  • Influenza vaccine: Recommended each year, especially before and during flu season.
  • COVID-19 vaccine: Updated vaccines provide protection against current strains and help reduce the risk of severe disease.
  • Pneumococcal vaccine: Helps protect against certain serious infections, including pneumonia and bloodstream infections.
  • Shingles vaccine: Helps prevent shingles and the long-lasting nerve pain that can occur afterward.
  • RSV vaccine: May be recommended for eligible older adults, particularly those with certain chronic health conditions.
  • Tdap or Td booster: Protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis; a booster is generally needed periodically.
  • Other vaccines: Depending on individual risks, travel, lifestyle, and medical history, additional vaccinations may be appropriate.

Vaccination Visits Can Often Be Simplified

For many people, more than one recommended vaccine can be given during the same visit. This can reduce the number of trips needed to a physician’s office or pharmacy. Mild side effects, such as soreness at the injection site, fatigue, or a low-grade fever, are common and usually resolve with rest and hydration.

For older adults who are homebound or have significant mobility limitations, family members and caregivers can ask about home-based vaccination services, mobile providers, local health department programs, or other community resources.

Vaccination Protects More Than One Person

Vaccination also helps protect family members, friends, caregivers, and grandchildren. Older adults often have close contact with people of different ages and health conditions. Reducing the spread of preventable infections helps safeguard the entire community.

A Personalized Approach to Immunization Is Important

Every older adult is different. Decisions about immunization should consider current health, medical history, medications, prior vaccine records, allergies, and personal goals of care. It is helpful to bring an updated list of vaccinations to routine visits so that missed or overdue vaccines can be identified.

Vaccination is an important part of preventive geriatric care. Along with regular health visits, physical activity, good nutrition, fall prevention, and careful management of chronic conditions, staying current with immunizations can help older adults remain healthier, safer, and more independent.

Explore More on AgingWell

Trusted Resources for Older Adults and Caregivers

The following organizations offer reliable, up-to-date information. Vaccine guidance can change from season to season, so please talk with your physician or pharmacist about what is right for you.

Contributor acknowledgment: This article was developed with research and writing contributions from Pranathi Miryala on Influenza vaccine.

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